A virtual experiment technique on the elementary behaviour of granular materials with discrete element method     

Xia Li  Hai‐Sui Yu  Xiang‐Song Li 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(1):75-96

Multi‐scale investigations aided by the discrete element method (DEM) play a vital role for current state‐of‐the‐art research on the elementary behaviour of granular materials. Similar to laboratory tests, there are three important aspects to be considered carefully, which are the proper stress/strain definition and measurement, the application of target loading paths and the designed experiment setup, to be addressed in the present paper. Considering the volume sensitive characteristics of granular materials, in the proposed technique, the deformation of the tested specimen is controlled and measured by deformation gradient tensor involving both the undeformed configuration and the current configuration. Definitions of Biot strain and Cauchy stress are adopted. The expressions of them in terms of contact forces and particle displacements, respectively, are derived. The boundary of the tested specimen consists of rigid massless planar units. It is suggested that the representative element uses a convex polyhedral (polygonal) shape to minimize possible boundary arching effects. General loading paths are described by directly specifying the changes in the stress/strain invariants or directions. Loading can be applied in the strain‐controlled mode by specifying the translations and rotations of the boundary units, or in the stress‐controlled mode by using a servo‐control mechanism, or in the combination of the two methods to realize mixed boundary conditions. Taking the simulation results as the natural consequences originated from a complex system, virtual experiments provide particle‐scale information database to conduct multi‐scale investigations for better understanding in granular material behaviours and possible development of the constitutive theories provided the qualitative similarity between the simulation results from virtual experiments and observations on real material behaviour. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Debating clean energy: Frames,counter frames,and audiences     

Michaël Aklin  Johannes Urpelainen 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(5):1225-1232

In the United States, both scholars and practitioners have repeatedly emphasized the importance of “issue framing” for garnering public support for climate change policy. However, the debate frequently overlooks the importance of counter frames. For every framing attempt by advocates of climate policy, there will be a counter frame by the opponents of climate policy. How do counter frames influence the effectiveness of issue framing as a communication strategy? To answer this question, we report results from a survey experiment on a nationally representative sample of 1000 Americans on clean energy policy, a key policy issue in the public debate on climate change in the United States. Overall, we find that different combinations of positive and negative frames have remarkably little effect on support for clean energy policy. A follow-up on-line survey experiment with a convenience sample of 2000 Americans suggests that the counter frames are responsible for undermining the effects of the original frames.  相似文献   

集合预报误差在GRAPES全球四维变分同化中的应用研究Ⅱ：参数选取与数值试验     

龚建东  张林  王瑞春 《气象学报》2021,79(1):48-64

研究的第一部分讨论了如何有效应用集合预报误差的科学方案,确定了集合预报误差在GRAPES（Global Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System）全球4DVar（four dimensional variational data assimilation）中应用的分析框架。在此基础上研究了针对集合预报误差实际应用于GRAPES全球4DVar,解决接近或超过100个集合样本数时高效生成的计算效率问题,以及与GRAPES全球4DVar匹配的同化关键参数确定问题。选择基于4DVar的集合资料同化方法生成集合样本,通过将第1个样本极小化迭代过程中产生的预调节信息用于其他样本极小化做预调节,将计算效率提高了2倍。通过时间错位扰动方法增加集合样本数,实现集合样本增加到3倍。对集合方差进行膨胀,并选择水平局地化相关尺度为流函数背景误差水平相关的1.4倍。通过批量数值试验方法确定背景误差与集合预报误差的权重系数,对60个集合样本当集合预报误差权重为0.7时预报效果最好。对北半球夏、冬两季各52 d的批量试验表明,对于南、北半球En4DVar （ensemble 4DVar）较4DVar的改进在冬季主要集中在700—30 hPa,而在夏季主要集中在400—150 hPa。赤道地区受季节影响较小,En4DVar对位势高度、风场与温度的改进都较为明显,且经向风场的改进最为显著。文中研发的集合预报误差在GRAPES全球4DVar中应用的方法合理可行。   相似文献   

Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Storm Surges Under Different Extreme Weather Event and Typhoon Experiments in the South Yellow Sea     

ZHANG Mingzong  ZHOU Chunyan  ZHANG Jisheng  ZHANG Xinzhou  TANG Zihao 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2022,21(1):1-14

In this study,a coupled tide-surge-wave model was developed and applied to the South Yellow Sea.The coupled model simulated the evolution of storm surges and waves caused by extreme weather events,such as tropical cyclones,cold waves,extratropical cyclones coupled with a cold wave,and tropical cyclones coupled with a cold wave.The modeled surge level and significant wave height matched the measured data well.Simulation results of the typhoon with different intensities revealed that the radius to the maximum wind speed of a typhoon with 1.5 times wind speed decreased,and its influence range was farther away from the Jiangsu coastal region;moreover,the impact on surge levels was weakened.Thereafter,eight hypothetical typhoons based on Typhoon Chan-hom were designed to investigate the effects of varying typhoon tracks on the extreme value and spatial distribution of storm surges in the offshore area of Jiangsu Province.The typhoon along path 2 mainly affected the Rudong coast,and the topography of the Rudong coast was conducive to the increase in surge level.Therefore,the typhoon along path 2 induced the largest surge level,which reached up to 2.91 m in the radial sand ridge area.The maximum surge levels in the Haizhou Bay area and the middle straight coastline area reached up to 2.37 and 2.08 m,respectively.In terms of typhoons active in offshore areas,the radial sand ridge area was most likely to be threatened by typhoon-induced storm surges.  相似文献   

春季长江口及邻近海域悬浮颗粒态硅的研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

曹璐  刘素美  李瑞香 《海洋学报》2011,33(1):83-90

对春季长江口及邻近海域悬浮颗粒态生物硅(PBSi)、成岩硅(LSj)进行了大面调查和围隔培养实验研究,讨论了悬浮颗粒物中PBSi的分布情况及其影响因素.分析表明,PBSi与LSi的含量分别为0.22～4.25和1.75～184μmol/dm<'3>,与世界其他海域相比LSi的含量偏高,PBSi含量则处于中等水平.由于陆...  相似文献   

半连续培养下东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻种群生长过程与种间竞争研究   总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17  

王宗灵  李瑞香  朱明远  陈炳章  郝彦菊 《海洋科学进展》2006,24(4):495-503

采用半连续培养方法研究了温度和营养盐(N和P)限制对中国东海2种重要赤潮生物东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻生长及种间竞争的影响。结果表明,东海原甲藻在20℃和25℃时生长状态良好,具有明显的指数增长期,15℃时细胞生长明显受到影响;中肋骨条藻具有较广的温度适应性,15~25℃时均具有明显的指数增长期。东海原甲藻可以忍受低营养盐环境并种群增长,而中肋骨条藻细胞增长需要较丰富的营养盐。在营养盐充足的环境里中肋骨条藻具有竞争优势,相反,在营养盐限制的环境中,东海原甲藻是竞争的优胜者。实验结果与东海原甲藻赤潮爆发现场的环境调查结果基本一致,可以作为解释东海原甲藻赤潮形成原因的依据。  相似文献   

台风Haitang(0505)登陆过程地形影响的数值模拟试验     

张建海  陈红梅  诸晓明 《海洋通报》2006,25(2):1-7

以2005年严重影响我国的登陆台风Haitang为研究对象,在用MM5模式成功模拟台风登陆前后路径、强度、降水以及结构特征的基础上,通过地形敏感性试验,分析了地形对台风的影响及其机理。结果表明:台风在经过台湾及其后在福建登陆期间的异常路径是地形诱生低压发生发展的结果;在降水强度上东部沿海特殊地形对台风北侧东南气流的辐合抬升使得暴雨增幅度1倍以上;地形对台风强度也有一定影响,约为4～5hPa。通过对有无地形影响时台风结构的比较发现地形影响主要在低层,使得高度场分裂两个中心,低层台风主体受山脉阻挡在位置上落后于高层。分析还发现台风登陆前夕移动方向西侧相当位温向西倾斜也可能与地形有关。  相似文献   

Seismicity and fault aseismic deformation caused by fluid injection in decametric in-situ experiments     

《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2018,350(8):464-475

Seismicity induced by fluid perturbations became an important societal concern since felt earthquakes (M_w up to 6) occurred after anthropogenic activities. In order to mitigate the risks associated with undesired seismicity, as well as to be able to use the micro-seismicity as a probe for in-depth investigation of fluid-driven processes, it is of crucial importance to understand the links between seismicity, fluid pressure and flow. We have developed a series of in-situ, decameter-scale experiments of fault zone reactivation by controlled fluid injection, in order to improve the near-source geophysical and hydromechanical observations. The deployed geophysical monitoring close to the injection allows one to cover the full frequency range of the fault responses from the static deformation to the very high-frequency seismic emissions (up to 4 kHz). Here, we focus on the microseismicity (M_w ∼ –4 to –3) recorded during two fluid injection experiments in low-permeable shale and highly-fractured limestone formations. In both experiments, the spatio-temporal distribution of the seismic events, the energy balance, and the seismic velocity changes of the fractured medium show that most of the deformation does not actually emit seismic signals. The induced deformation is mainly aseismic. Based on these high-resolution multiparametric observations in the near-field, we therefore proposed a new model for injection-induced seismicity: the seismicity is not directly induced by the increasing fluid pressure, but it is rather triggered by the stress perturbations transferred from the aseismic motion caused by the injection.  相似文献   

Experimental and numerical investigation of groundwater head losses on and nearby short intersections between disc-shaped fractures          下载免费PDF全文

Ci-xiao Qu  Ming-yu Wang  Peng Wang 《地下水科学与工程》2022,10(1):33-43

Discrete fracture models are used for investigating precise processes of groundwater flow in fractured rocks,while a disc-shaped parallel-plates model for a single fracture is more reasonable and efficient for computational treatments.The flow velocity has a large spatial differentiation which is more likely to produce non-linear flow and additional head losses on and nearby intersections in such shaped fractures,therefore it is necessary to understand and quantify them.In this study,both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations were performed to investigate the total head loss on and nearby the intersections as well as the local head loss exactly on the intersections,which were not usually paid sufficient attention or even ignored.The investigation results show that these two losses account for 29.17%-84.97%and 0-73.57%of the entire total head loss in a fracture,respectively.As a result,they should be necessarily considered for groundwater modeling in fractured rocks.Furthermore,both head losses become larger when aperture and flow rate increase and intersection length decreases.Particularly,the ratios of these two head losses to the entire total head loss in a fracture could be well statistically explained by power regression equations with variables of aperture,intersection length,and flow rates,both of which achieved high coefficients of determination.It could be feasible through this type of study to provide a way on how to adjust the groundwater head from those obtained by numerical simulations based on the traditional linear flow model.Finally,it is practicable and effective to implement the investigation approach combining laboratory experiments with numerical simulations for quantifying the head losses on and nearby the intersections between disc-shaped fractures.  相似文献   

‘Initial’ Soil Moisture Effects on the Climate in China——A Regional Climate Model Study     

SHI Xueli 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2009,8(2)

In this study,the effects of ‘initial’ soil moisture(SM) in arid and semi-arid Northwestern China on subsequent climate were investigated with a regional climate model. Besides the control simulations(denoted as CTL),a series of sensitivity experiments were conducted,including the DRY and WET experiments,in which the simulated ‘initial’ SM over the region 30 –50°N,75 –105°E was only 5% and 50%,and up to 150% and 200% of the simulated value in the CTL,respectively. The results show that SM change can modify ...  相似文献